The aim of the current research was to identify the characteristics of the four elements in order to provide a problem-oriented curriculum model in the elementary school mathematics course. There were 19 participants and the sampling was done purposefully. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The problem-oriented curriculum template was designed using the characteristics of the elements and with the method of qualitative content analysis in the elementary school mathematics course. The identified features were validated by fuzzy Delphi method and Shannon's entropy method was used for data processing. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 main categories including the characteristics of goals at three levels of cognitive, attitudinal, skill, content, evaluation, teaching-learning strategy and 46 sub-categories were identified.                                                                                                                                                                In the fuzzy Delphi section, all features were confirmed by obtaining a de-fuzzified value greater than 0.7. The results of Shannon's entropy determined that the characteristics of starting teaching with a challenging question, creating a suitable educational environment, continuously monitoring the quality of learning strategies and communicating with students' talents have attracted the most attention and obtained the highest ranks and had a higher importance factor than other characteristics

Introduction: For evaluating the quality of e-curriculum in order to improve and having efficiency in e-learning, a suitable and valid model is very important, which was the purpose of this study. Methods: The present study is classified as qualitative research in terms of data collection method. The research population was all the specialists, professors and experts active in the field of e-learning in higher education in the country, 20 of them have been selected by targeted sampling to achieve data saturation. Semi-structured interview method has been used to collect data. First, the documents and texts related to the research topic are studied, then, according to the obtained factors, an interview was conducted. To analyze the data and determine the factors, the coding method with MAXQDA2020 software has been used. Results: First, the documents and texts related to the research topic are studied using the deductive method and 4 main factors for the quality evaluation model of the electronic curriculum including managerial organizational, pedagogical, technology, evaluation factors were extracted. Then, according to the obtained factors, an interview was conducted. To analyze the data and determine the factors, the coding method with MAXQDA2020 software has been used and 8 main factors have been obtained, which are evaluation, pedagogical, organizational, individual, technological and electronic, environmental (extra-organizational, political, cultural), learning and moral factors. Conclusion: Studies confirm that the use of evaluation, pedagogical, organizational and managerial, individual, technological and electronic, environmental (extraorganizational, political, cultural), learning moral factors, in designing an appropriate model for evaluating the quality of e-curriculum are necessary.

Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Introduction: Application of proper approaches as a logical framework for creating core curriculum prevents making additional information in curricula. This study aimed to introduce some useful approaches for determining core curriculum in medical science.Methods: This review study was done by electronic searching (PubMed, ERIC, Google Scholar) as well as manual searching (library resources). key words were core curriculum, approach and outcome-based curriculum.Results: 105 papers were obtained.32 cases were eligible according to considered criteria. So far, Curriculum planners have adopted or proposed several approaches for determining core curriculum in medical education. This review introduced some effective approaches in medical education.Conclusion: Curriculum planners need to use effective approaches in medical education in order to provide essential and required content for learners according to community needs. It is necessary for them to consider curriculum revision and reduction of extra curriculum content.

Introduction: Self-directed learning is a process where learners need new instruments to identify their needs, goals, resources, and implement their learning strategies. Therefore, this study endeavored to identify electronic tools for developing self-directed learning skills in students' curriculum. Methods: This qualitative study was meta synthesis. The studies were select from among the studies conducted in the years 2006 to 2021 and 2006 to 2022 in the field of electronic tools and self-guided learning, with specific keywords in internal databases such as,Noor, Mogiran, Civilika, Ganj and Alamnet magazines and foreign databases IJET, Google Scholar, Eric, Scopus, and Science Direct were collected, and a total of 239 studies were reviewed and after several stages of screening, 54 study units were selected. The data analysis was also done with the method of content analysis through coding method. Results: The findings in the open coding stage showed,58 instruments were employed to develop self-guided learning skills, which were divided into two groups of simultaneous and non-simultaneous instruments based on the results of axial coding. Besides, the results of the selective coding stage also included the obtained instruments in four main categories,instruments for searching resources, communication and participation, management and presentation of content and Moqs have been classified. Conclusion: Based on the characteristics of the media, the study divides the instruments into four categories,searching for resources, participation, management and presentation of content and classified MOOCs that can be used in the design of electronic curriculum to develop self-discovery skills and active approach.

Abstract Introduction: For evaluating the quality of e-curriculum in order to improve and   having efficiency in e-learning a suitable and valid model is very important, which is the purpose of this study. Methods: The present study is classified as qualitative research in terms of data collection method. The research population is all of specialists, professors and experts active in the field of e-learning in higher education in the country, twenty of whom have been selected by targeted sampling to achieve data saturation. Semi-structured interview method has been used to collect data. First, the documents and texts related to the research topic are studied, Then, according to the obtained factors, an interview was conducted. To analyze the data and determine the factors, the coding method with MAXQDA2020 software has been used. Results: First, the documents and texts related to the research topic are studied, by using the deductive method and 4 main factors are: managerial organizational, pedagogical, technology, evaluation factors for the quality evaluation model of the electronic curriculum. Then, according to the obtained factors, an interview was conducted. To analyze the data and determine the factors, the coding method with MAXQDA2020 software has been used and 8 main factors have been obtained, which are evaluation, pedagogical, organizational, individual, technological and electronic, environmental (extra-organizational, Political, cultural), learning and moral factors. Conclusions: Studies confirm that the use of evaluation, pedagogical, organizational and managerial, individual, technological and electronic, environmental (extra-organizational, political, cultural), learning moral factors, in designing an appropriate model for evaluating the quality of e-curriculum are necessary. Keywords: Electronic curriculum, e-curriculum quality, e-curriculum quality evaluation.

The purpose of the study was to design a curriculum for the elderly education based on dialogue education approach. Jane K. Vella is the setter of this approach and the most important feature of this approach can be considered its attention to the audience and their special needs. The method of conducting this research is the application of the recommendations of the dialogue education approach. Sampling among the elderly participating in the course was voluntary and by sending an invitation. In sending the invitation, an effort was made to cover the maximum diversity of education, gender, and social status. In order to select the content based on the participants' needs, the list of Iranian elderly's educational needs was given to the six elderly who attended the educational meetings for selection. After selecting the content, the elements of the dialogical curriculum were determined. In the implementation phase, changes were made to adapt to the context, in the design and implementation process, and all the implementation and design phases were validated by Vella and the team members. Considering the special characteristics of the elderly, such as having experience, independence and self-directedness, the curriculum used for them should be able to take into account these characteristics, and considering the high flexibility of the dialogue and listening approach, as well as the achievement of all learners to the goals of each meeting, the approach to design educational courses in centers whose audience is the elderly, can increase the effectiveness and attractiveness of the courses.

Statement of Problem: Radiography is the most common technique in working length determination, however, because of its limitations is not considered as an ideal technique. Its application, particularly for children due to radiation hazards, technical problems in young and unco-operative children and the superimposition of permanent teeth bud on primary teeth root, lead to numerous problems.Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of an electronic apex locator (EAL) in working length determination of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study 96 canals of the extracted primary teeth, with at least 2/3 of the root length remained, were investigated. There were no obstructed canal, previous root canal therapy and perforation of pulp chamber floor. All working lengths were also measured by radiography. The results of Raypex 4 and radiography were compared with actual root canal lengths determined by direct observation. The applied EAL, in this study was called Raypex 4, a new device belonged to the fourth generation (Ratio Type). The results were analyzed by Chi-Square and Pearson correlation statistical tests.Results: The accuracy of Raypex and radiography were 61.5% and 63.5%, respectively. The differences between Reypex 4 root canal length measurements and those of direct observation were not significant (P=0.08), but such difference between radiography and direct observation was statistically significant (P=0.01). The diameter of the apical foramen (the site of canal opening) did not affect on Raypex 4 accuray (P>0.05).Conclusion: Considering the acceptable safetyness, Painlessness, simple and rapid application and an accuracy comparable to that of radiography, the use of Raypex4 EAL for the measurement of primary teeth length is suggested.

The purpose of study was to compare the characteristics of written textbooks with electronic textbooks in the field of curriculum. The data collection method was documentary includes primary and secondary sources that have been collected by referring to foreign and Iranian databases. Data analysis and presentation of the results were done by using George Bereday comparative method. The findings showed that in terms of similarities, it can be inferred that both types of books pay attention to ease of transmission while integrating the contents, ease of reading, simple and convenient use for all people, coherence of the contents, and diversity of use. In terms of the differences, e-books specific features such as diversity in subject, diversity of authors, more attention to the social and individual needs of the audience, attention to modern theories of the curriculum. E-books have general features such as remote access, support for multimedia facilities, no need for physical space, ability to zoom in on the screen, adjust page and font to the desired size, search and print, easy and cost-free shipping, reduce the price, and no storage space. The specific features of the written books in the field of curriculum include similarity and repetition of the topic and dominance of famous authors in the field of publication. The general features of written books are repetition of printing, increased concentration while reading, no need to communicate with the Internet, no need for computer and other tools for reading, reduction of damage to the eyes, less use of fatigue and physical damage, the ability to touch and communicate more with the book, and an increase in desire and the passion for reading comes from looking at books in one's own library. According to the findings, it seems that the field of curriculum is going through a gradual evolutionary process in terms of the way the audience has access to resources affected by technological developments in Iran.